CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 question drugs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 question drugs - Coursework Example Narcoterrorism refers to the relationship between the insurgent terrorists and drug traffickers (Lyman, 2011). Insurgent terrorists protect the drug traffickers and acquire part of the substantial profit that drug trafficking industry makes. This discussion will consider the relationship between insurgent terrorists and drug trafficking industry. Insurgent terrorists engage in insurgency and terrorism and exploit the drug trafficking industry for financial benefit. In most cases, the exploitation of drug trafficking industry involves guerillas at rural level (Forest, 2007). The relationship between drug trafficking industry and guerillas tend to be very common in rugged, rural areas where the government control is relatively weak. Most rural areas do not have a nationally integrated economic infrastructure (Forest, 2007). The rural-based insurgent terrorists make money by extorting war taxes from drug traffickers and the growers of illicit drugs, such as the narcotics. The relationship between insurgent terrorists and illicit drug traders has its root in conflict and coercion (Bibe, 2001). Sometimes, however, insurgent terrorists and drug traffickers can cooperate in a marriage of convenience. According to Lyman (2011), the degree of government action against trafficking of drug in an area can act as a unifying factor. A number of insurgent terrorists have used both cooperation and coercion to exploit the drug trafficking industry. An example of insurgent terrorist includes the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), which is Colombia’s oldest and largest insurgent group (Bibe, 2001). The FARC has a close association with a range of drug trafficking activities, such as cultivation, distribution, and taxation of illicit drugs. In the 1980s, the FARC in Columbia maintained taxation on the production of cocaine in various territories, in exchanging for establishing law and order that favored growers (Bibe,

Food Inc Essay Example for Free

Food Inc Essay How is the text you have studied in class constructed to portray certain ideas? Documentaries are usually constructed to portray one point of view, whether it is a negative or positive point of view. Food Inc directed by Robert Kenner, presents a many ideas about how the fast food industry is affecting the ways in which Americans eat. They do this by showing one perspective instead of both. Food Inc doesn’t explore in to detail the positive aspects of fast food; they are just focusing on the negative. They construct the documentary using techniques such as expert opinions, Interviews and statistics to present certain ideas throughout the documentary. The main idea explored throughout the documentary was the animal cruelty caused by humans due to modifying the development of animals. They ways in which they present this ideas is mainly through footage of the animals suffering and the juxtaposition of the animals before they were modified and how the animals are now. The footage of the crowded cows helpless and unable to move creates a setting which portrays a negative feel and creatively making us feel sympathetic towards the animals. The shots of the chickens not being able to walk due to the genetic modifications of the animal, creates the idea of humans purposely provoking animal cruelty. They are changing the ways in which an animal develops for their own needs and generally to make more money. This is clearly shown through the juxtaposition of the â€Å"old† chicken and the â€Å"new† chicken. This Juxtaposition makes us question how it is possible to grow a chicken in half the time yet be double the size? It therefore makes the documentary more engaging as we are starting to question the farmers ourselves and therefore are dragged into believing what the documentary is trying to portray. Another idea explored in the documentary Food Inc is the constant conflict of the prices of healthy foods compared to the prices in fast food restaurants. The ways in which Robert Kenner has constructed the documentary to perceive the fast food outlets being cheaper is through an interview with the Gonzalez family. They are an average sized American family who eat fast food due to their financial status. Kenner used the juxtaposition of the price of a meal at McDonalds to buying a meal at the supermarkets. At McDonalds the Gonzalez family can buy a burger and drink each for 11$, they then show you the Gonzalez family inside a grocery store struggling to buy a lettuce for under 2$ which worked out to be the cost of their whole meal at McDonalds. This makes believe what Kenner is trying to portray and are drawn into believing that fast food is always cheaper than the groceries. However we are not given any cheap healthy displays in the supermarket, instead given with cheap unhealthy items such as 99 cent cokes. Kenner has purposely portrayed the unhealthy items in a negative way to create an opinion that we are being â€Å"forced† in to fast food rather than having the choice of fast food.

The Causes And Effects Of Plagiarism English Language Essay

The Causes And Effects Of Plagiarism English Language Essay Plagiarism is not to do any research or quotation and cite other person`s thoughts or words as your own. It is a kind of cheating and a breach of academic ethics. However, the phenomenon of plagiarism becomes more and more common and happens every day. A shocking news by The New York Times (Christine Haughney, August 10th 2012)that Fareed Zakaria, a famous host of CNN and Editor-at-large TIME Magazine, was found to plagiarize several paragraphs from an April 23 New Yorker article on the National Rifle Association was written by Jill Lepore. Consequently, Time had suspended him for a month .CNN deleted  his  article  and  informed him of  further  warming. And then,  they  started to  investigate  his  work. There is no doubt that he would suffer from  an  abrupt  frustration. His lesson will keep alert the rising  phenomenon  of  plagiarism, especially in universities. An investigation taken by The Sydney Morning Herald (Alexander, 2006) discloses th e problem in Australia. For instance, the university of technology, Sydney recorded 362 counts of plagiarism in 2005, at the same time, the University of Wollongong recorded 134. Across eight Australian universities, it is approximated nearly 3500 students have been caught cheating or plagiarism since 2001. Another research journal in Australia was launched in 2005, the International Journal for Educational honesty, to solve the education and academic problems. According to this research plagiarism in Australia, particularly in relation to the country`s historically high number of international students(Cohen, 2007, p. A51). So, what do universitys students especially international students actually think about the concept of plagiarism and what does it mean to them? Penny cook (1996) states that he notion of ownership of text is a particularly Western concept. He indicates that plagiarism is a complex phenomenon. As a result, we have found that the reasons of plagiarism in universi ty are followed by ignorance, digital resources and personal factors. The first cause of plagiarism in university is some students` ignorance. So we can find , student are always confused whether the action is plagiarism, especially for international students. For example, Students from the areas out of the UK, may have been taught different rules and academic environments before they entered in the English academy. Matalene (1985) states that her Chinese students produced a writing assignment, she found their sources were too similar and students were surprised by her subsequent objections to what they saw as a valid writing method. Later, one of her students found this eloquent way of summing up the ensuing class discussion: In this case the students agreed that they had copied from their sources but believed that they just to borrow the language from a source and copying was appropriate. They did not want to violate academic standards or pretend that they had not copied. As a result, this phenomenon have been offered, due to different cultures bring out different attitudes for plagiarism. In addition to students` ignorance, Internet may be is another cause of plagiarism. So, internet provide so many different channels for students to get all binds of information in today`s digital age. For example. They can search whatever information they need in Wikipedia and Google, at the same time, they also can share and gain tens of thousands information in facebook and twitter. And there are incalculable number of words without the author attributed. So that is the important reason that some students even don`t realize they were plagiarizing. Figures obtained from an investigation by Journal of Second Language Writing (Yongyan li,2012,P165-180) reveal that the students` understanding of plagiarism and take an interview with a girl, for example, Her teacher found that approximately 25% of her essay overlapped. According to this interview, we can found that this student never intends to plagiarize by using internet, but always did not know how to dealing with it. Well, that is true. Sometimes, when we looking for some resources on internet, it is too difficult to make a choice because of there are too many information online. The last cause of plagiarism may be some personal factors which are attitude and procrastination. Specifically, may be most students will good faith effort to write their essays, there will always be some people just do not want to work hard. Steve Schriener, an English teacher in Cheyenne Mountain High School in Colorado Springs, who gave his students a poetry assignment:According to Schriener s experience, and there is a find that some students did not think their actions will be caught or bothered about the consequences of plagiarism. Meanwhile, procrastination may be one of the personal factors, especially for international students. When foreign students go to a country for studying, they will have many problems that they need to deal with. Such as the language barrier like not fully comprehending the assignment, adapt to new manners and customs. Sometimes they may have a little time to do their essays. So, some of them were forced to copy. Because of those causes, there are some serious issues of integrity, learning and relationships happened in college student. College-level plagiarism will product so many irreparable effects such as students betray trust with their fellow friends and professors. The serious punishment include expulsion from school, and when they plagiarize, they lost their original intention of studying. First of all, plagiarism is a disrespect of others, especially for teachers and classmates. For instance, Plagiarism taints teachers and students, creating a climate of suspicion. Specifically, teacher and student need to means teacher s want to rely on their students honesty. Students have to be able to trust each other. When you steal the job from other writers, you lost your credit. And maybe no longer can your teachers believe that is your own works. Also, plagiarizing teachers and the job of the independent whose work is a kind of plagiarized action. If you didnt care about the honesty of other peoples work, maybe later you would have to care about the relationship with people as well. For the classmates, if they help you before, they would think of you as a thief full of unfair, if students know that you are cheating and getting away with it, they may cheat Secondly, plagiarized is a disrespect action for yourself, especially for your leaning and motivation. When a student plagiarizes someone elses job, it means he lost a very important opportunity to improve his writing skills and the ability of thinking, as well as he waste the time and life. plagiarized work means that you spent so many time and did an insignificant job. In other words, the reason why teacher want you to writing an essay, is to expand upon what you have learned in lectures and carefully develop writing assignments. To make sure that students can articulate the knowledge they have learned by a clear way. On the campus when plagiarism is discovered, unofficial drawbacks can have serious effects. To sum up, there is no doubt that plagiarism is a kind of abominable action for yourself, your teachers and the school, even it produces a bad influence for the society. So we have to think about some serious questions that why we studying and what is the most important thing during our studying process. The answers are genuine understanding and you must make all of knowledge become your own mind. It is not just replaying something you have heard and looked. Writing is a kind of form to show your own mind to readers, and you have to achieve that the readers can distinguish what is yours and what is someone elses at a glance. At the same time, it is the very important and effective way to test whether you understand a topic authentically. However, plagiarism makes your learning become insignificance. You need to learn how to write a paper that can show your mind completely and equips your own styles, maybe sometimes you found an essay that has the same ideas as yours, it is clear and easy to understanding, so you may be influenced by it, then you would write the similar one, but it not means you have learned it, it just learns how to cut and paste. And we should think about another question that why you should believe me if without the reference. We always use so many references in our essay when we want to show our minds clearer and equip more persuasion, that is good but we have to recall what the most in our paper is, references or our own words. If just someone elses sentence, even they are from some famous people. It is true that your essay is very authoritativeness but it is a kind of plagiarism even so you are unintentional to do that. So in my opinion, plagiarism is not inevitable. In view of the above-mentioned causes in raising the output, I have written three reasons why plagiarism happens, if it happens just because there is no ability to accomplish it, we can find a solution for example the teachers can decrease the requirement and extend the time you make it temporary. It is not a way to relax just because of our only objective is we can learn and understand all of them authentically. And the second reason is internet, there is no doubt the internet can provide so many information for us, the great and the bad. I think if students can search the essay that has the same idea as them, they would copy them unhesitatingly because everybody can write the same words. So we can change the education environment like letting the students had the imagination and ability of creation when they were children, and how to pick the useful information up in the internet and become the own words not just cut and paste. The la st one is changing your attitude of learning, just thinking about plagiarism is from someone elses but not your own, it is an action to waste life.

Decriminalization of Marijuana in Canada Essay -- legalization of marij

Marijuana is currently a hot topic of debate throughout Canada, and has been for the past few years. Marijuana was first banned in 1923 under the Opium and Drug Act, but since 1997 the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act have controlled it. In 2000, over 30,000 Canadians were charged with possession of marijuana. Currently, the marijuana laws are not enforced equally across the country, which has prompted the interest in changing the laws or possibly decriminalizing marijuana. Also, those convicted of marijuana related crimes usually don’t go to jail, but they do receive a criminal record. There are currently two committees researching the possibility of legalizing marijuana in Canada. One committee is the Special Senate Committee on Illegal Drugs, and the other is The House of Commons Special Committee on the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. The Senate committee reported in September of 2002, and stated that marijuana is not a gateway drug. They also reported that marijuana should be treated more like tobacco or alcohol. The House of Commons committee’s report stated that although marijuana is unhealthy, the punishments for having even a small amount of marijuana are disproportionably harsh. The House is promoting the decriminalization of marijuana to make it legal to possess an amount of marijuana not exceeding 30 grams, which is about one ounce. These two committees seem to come to the same conclusion that marijuana is placed in the same class as more â€Å"hard-core† drugs such as heroin and cocaine, when it should not be, as they view marijuana as a safer d rug. As stated previously, the Senate states that marijuana is not a gateway drug. A gateway drug is the term used to identify drugs that are not narcotics, but their use will lead the user down the path to harder drugs like heroin. Support for the Decriminalization of Marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is actually a political party in Canada called the Marijuana Party of Canada, and it has many supporters. These supporters believe that the only route to take is full decriminalization of marijuana, which is not likely to happen. One argument of these supporters is that the current penalties for marijuana possession are too harsh. Realistically, there is not chance that marijuana will ever be completely decriminalized in Canada, as the effects from this would be damaging to Canada’s relationship to ... ...ere growing more than 50 plants, the maximum sentence would be 14 years in jail. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both sides of the issue make valid points, but I think anyone would agree that the opposition to the decriminalization of marijuana has a stronger case. After fighting such a hard war against drugs, it doesn’t make any sense to legalize small amounts of marijuana, although 30 grams is not that small. Canada needs to realize that the repercussions of decriminalized marijuana would be monumental, not only to the citizens of Canada, but also to the relationship that Canada shares with the United States. I do not think that Canada will ever decriminalize marijuana, even though some parts of government support it, the rest realize the implications. Marijuana is a gateway drug that has proven health hazards. You are decriminalizing marijuana, but at the same time running campaigns against cigarette smoking. That does not make any sense whatsoever. I’m sure that this issue will die out in the next few months or over the next year, or, it might be an issue i n Canada for years to come. Either way, I don’t see marijuana being decriminalized anytime in the near future.

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

RISK CASE STUDY – ASSIGNEMENT 2 August 3, 20111 THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER DISASTER Risk Management Plan 1. Risk management plan summarizes risk management approach, list methodologies and processes, defines everyone’s role – definition of risk management plan. NASA was using for the most part qualitative risk assessment process. Launch of the shuttle was allowed as long as aggregate risk remained acceptable. Quantitive method was applied for risk assessment because if the complex procedures (like data gathering) were in place NASA would be buried with paperwork.NASA’s culture was flying with acceptable risk. There was Risk Management Plan in place for NASA because there was risk assessment and protocols in place but due to excessive nature of most of NASA’ projects waivers became a way of conducting business. As described in the NASA Handbook, hazards (risks) were analyzed and overseen by the Senior Safety Review Board. Each identified risk was c lassified by an established system, based on both the risk’s level of criticality on a scale of one to three (C1, C1R, C2, C2R, and C3).However, their review process contended that no single risk or combination of risks would be enough to prevent a launch, as long as the aggregate risk remained at an acceptable level. 2. The Risk Management Plan was not followed. Methods used to gather data to assess risk were expensive and labour intensive and so were the procedures (Flight Readiness Reviews. To keep up with mission manifest schedule – 16 flights per year any) issues had to be resolved fast (waivers).Once a risk was declared acceptable, it was overlooked during future mission planning sessions. Additionally, they didn’t have proper procedures for evaluating the impact of unknown risks (i. e. the ice problem). Lastly, protocol stated that one risk or one person’s concern was not enough to cancel the launch. A no launch recommendation by one party could ha ve been overruled by the launch director. 3. Differences: a. Risk Management Plan is the outcome of Plan Risk Management Process and describes how risk management is structured and performed.It includes methodology (approach, tools, data source), roles and responsibilities (lead, support), budget (resources, protocol for contingency resource), timing (when and how often process is performed), risk categories (RBS), definition of risk probability and impact (high, medium, low), probability and impact matrix, risk stakeholders’ tolerance. b. Quality Assurance Plan describes how quality assurance will be performed within project to allow for reducing â€Å"waste† and eliminating processes that do not add value.It is meant to increase level of efficiency. c. Safety Plan A safety plan is an organized system of rules and guidelines used to maintain safe work environment. 4. Pressure to meet schedule – sixteen flights a year in 1986 meant that all involved will have to face paperwork constraints related to flight readiness assessment. Personnel and contractors were working overtime already trying to fill out all necessary paperwork related to problem solving, investigations and last flight updates.Waivers were part of NASA protocols to bypass all of this plus they were a way to indicated that risk was acceptable. Number of flight per year was critical to designing risk management plan because of all similarities between flights like temperature; launch condition could become predictable factors to determine acceptable risk. Risk Identification 5. Risk is uncertain event associated with work, it is a loss multiplied by likelihood that may have impact on the project. There are three common categories of risks: controllable knowns, uncontrollable knowns, and unknowns.Anomaly is a deviation from the standard. Project manager and team define a baseline and decide the difference based on definition of anomaly provided by subject matter experts (enginee rs). 6. NASA had Flight Readiness Review few days prior to flight. Risk identification at NASA was conducted by Senior Safety Review Board. In majority of cases risk assessment process was qualitative. If aggregate risk remained acceptable launch should happen. Hazard were analyzed and subjected to formalized hazard reduction process I in NASA handbook.Quantitative method of risk assessment was not applied because they were expensive and time consuming. Technical experts were not involved enough in any of the discussions. 7. In order to resolve any differences we need to list them and quantify them first which never happened in case of Challenger. Customer is always right and ultimately his decision overrules but contactor must provide as accurate data as possible based on analysis. Every recognized risk has different weight and some of them thru brainstorming can be resolved or even eliminated. 8.Upper management needs to be committed to project of such a huge scale and support it. They should be informed about individual risks and it is up to project manager to provide true information about project. It seems that culture of NASA accepted waiver as a way to determine acceptable risk and considered then as a part of official protocol. 9. Risk associated with any chosen method should be classified based on cost (budget), safety and technology (design) and overall impact on the mission. Challenger did not have either solid political support or direction.Cost became the most critical component in decision making. Sold fuel systems were cheaper but also less safe. They require less research and development but were designed for reusability. 10. Politically motivated trade-offs are impossible to control by PM and his/her team. There is a pressure to for government to deliver promise or a need to see where all funding went. All PM has is data and measurements based on research, analysis and historical lessons. There should be a limit where safety becomes impossible to trade.This is where government agenda should not applied because risk of losing lives is too high to trade. 11. NASA was under pressure from government and by the same token pressured contractor (Thiokol). Funding was inconsistent, expectations were very high and there was no clear direction where space program was going and flying manifest was beyond capabilities of personnel should he chose to follow all procedures. Risk was calculated in every decision. 12. Risk Management plan is evolving document as project goes on. different phases should be recorded in Risk Register and 2 separated risk assessments conducted because each phase faces different risks. Identifying risk will help us analyze triple constraint factors. Both risk assessments are equally important. Risk Quantification 13. Given the complexity of Space Shuttle Program it is necessary to address individually each technical aspect of the risk. In some cases lesson learned from previous experience with shuttles can b e applied to other program given that conditions like weather, resistance to high temperature or fuel type.Certain measurements can be applied to all space shuttle programs. Qualitative risk evaluation could be used at the beginning of the project to sort out level of each risk. Quantitative risk would be possible if there full support from upper management (government), budget and methodologies were in place. Both methodologies are equally valuable in complex project like Challenger. 14. There were 3 separate ice inspections conducted on the site and ice team responsibility was to remove any ice. First inspection delayed launch due to presence of ice on launch pad.Second inspection discovered still significant presence of ice on launch site and it was determined take off was unsafe. Falling ice could damage heat tiles on the Orbiter. Third inspection still found significant ice presences on the launch pad. 3 major concerns of the ice-on-the-pad issue: launch objection due to the we ather, ice on the pad was unknown effect on the ignition and debris were considered potential flight safety hazard, freeze protection plan for launch pad 39B was inadequate. Ice was considered a potential problem. 15.Risk quantification allows preparing better for potential risks. Contractors provide data but it is decision of the customer whether to take some of all data under consideration when making decision. To resolve a matter of dispute, the customer and contractor should collaborate. If there is no agreement customer decides what approach to take. 16. Senior management needs to be presented with information in easy to understand form – in case of Shuttle short movie presenting what would happen on impact. Only potential problem made it all the way up to higher management not the critical ones.None of the recommendations from Thiokol were passed to upper management. There were no established procedures that all risk data cannot be modified by any member of the team wit hout proper access and expertise. 17. It was quantitative system but issuing waivers very often made it useless because they by-passed some of the recommendations. Lessons learned were not used by Thiokol regarding temperature at launch which was supposed to be 53 degrees Fahrenheit. Thiokol engineers tried to quantify some of the risks based on historical information regarding blow-bys and temperatures. 18.No, there were no probabilities assigned to risk like putty, temperature, rings although there was some historical data available. There were not enough details to develop probabilities and metrics to rely on. Engineers could not determine direct correlation between factors. Risk Response (Handling) 19. Size of the company, available budget, company culture and overall resource decide what constitutes acceptable risk. It depends on tolerance of individual company to determine if risk is acceptable. 20. Project manager is always responsible for success and/or failure of the projec t.If there is another body in the company responsible for handling risk on larger, company scale it should be consulted as well. 21. According to PMBOK there are 4 risk responses and all of them were used: acceptance (consequences were acceptable), avoidance (re-scheduling take off), control (type of aborts and their respective landing sites) and transfer (hiring Thiokol as contractor to transfer risks). 22. There was an abort due to bad weather and ice which was correct response. NASA decided to launch in spite of C1R which meant 2 components failure (both main and secondary ring booster are the same type).This is not a correct response to existing risk. This decision was made without any regard for possible consequences of component failure. 23. Subject matter experts and upper management and technical consultants with the knowledge of space technology. Astronauts should be consulted as well since they risk their lives and are in immediate danger. 24. Every project should have ris k response mechanism included in risk management plan. All data gathered from SME and specialist in the field should be taken under consideration when developing risk response mechanism.When team cannot agree on it senior management who is ultimately responsible has final saying. 25. Astronauts with technical experience and knowledge should have been consulted. Christa McAuliffe as an example would not contribute anything valuable because her knowledge wasn’t in space shuttle design discipline and she did not have any previous experience flying either. They have accepted the risk already when they agreed to fly – no need to re-assure it. Astronauts are all volunteers and understand that safety is space is never 100% guaranteed.In my opinion it is safety staff that should have been included primarily. No safety representative or quality assurance officer was included in any of the decisions (or during the take-off). 26. Waivers were a way of bypassing official protocols in order to maintain schedule. It was a form of acceptance. 27. Waivers were standard operating procedures – they are type of active acceptance – â€Å"the wrong thing can be done to solve the problem because its solution was not clearly thought out under pressure in the heat of the moment† 8. Yes! Schedule pressures made managers less willing to acknowledge possible risks. Despite the fact the temperature was not favourable (as required minimum of 50 degrees Fahrenheit), Thiokol & NASA decided to go ahead with the launch to meet their desired planned schedule. Political pressure affected all responsible parties. 29. The risk response mechanism utilized by managers at Thiokol and NASA was Acceptance. They were fully aware of the potential risk however they decided seat back and see what happens. 30.The Engineers did not do everything to convince the management to stop of the launch. After failing to convince the management they decided to take a passive app roach of â€Å"wait and see what happens next† while they knew the results will be catastrophic. To make matters worse, Engineer Boisjoly changed his expert professional opinion after was told put on his management hat. 31. Though NASA claims that its top priority is the safety of the crew and equipment, it did violate its responsibility to ensure safety of the crew in spite of the evidence that was presented to them by the engineers.They played Russian roulette with human lives. Final findings though confirmed that pressure caused rational men make irrational decisions. 32. YES! NASA was completely aware that the temperature was not favourable for launch (as required minimum of 40 degrees Fahrenheit) however still went ahead with the launch to meet their desired planned schedule. The O-Rings had never been tested below freezing temperatures before & did not meet the 40 degrees below qualification temperature. Risk Control 33.Documentation is crucial and must to be thorou gh as part of risk management in order to identify all potential risks, keep a historical record data , reveal relevant information to the project to ensure project process are in compliant with the company’s goals. Depending on the complexity of the projects or programs company is involved quantity will differ. Excessive paperwork can be very discouraging to personnel. 34. There was no audit trail to the best of our knowledge. Thiokol had lessons learned regarding erosion, temperatures and blow-bys. 35.Thiokol noticed black soot and grease on the outside of the booster casing, caused by actual gas blow-by and had ordered new steel billets which would be used for a redesigned case field joint. This vital information should have been disclosed during the hour presentation granted to them which they mostly argued on the cold weather effects. 36. Hard facts speak to upper management better than anything. Presentation and SME opinions quoted within presentation would help to get upper management attention. 37. Again, facts, findings and lesson learned are powerful tools.Once team and upper management is aware that science doesn’t back up decision sole responsibility and pressure is taken off single person and transfer to the whole team. 38. There were 5 different communication and organization failures and 4 of them were directly related to safety program. Lack of problem reporting requirements, inadequate trend analysis, misinterpretation, lack of involvement in critical decisions. Safety organization should be better staffed and SUPPORTED. 39. Rockwell was prime contractor to build Orbiter. It was believed that Rockwell was not the best choice since it had not been involved in Apollo Program as others.Rockwell issued a â€Å"concern† about possible Orbiter damage due to the ice problem but they never stated they did not want to launch. They never said to NASA launch should be aborted due to unknown nature of the ice. It was never formally re corded that Rockwell objected. By making objection official there is paper trail that can be traced back should situation call for it. 40. Risks levels must be maintained completely at minimal before launching of the spaceship; however loss of human life should be avoided at all cost. The overall risk should have been between C2 & C3. 41.It is best to execute a presentation to the higher-ranking Management with adequate evidence of potential risks & the overall impact. In addition, outsource experienced experts who will back you up with their input in order to win a favourable decision. 42. The liability should be placed on the people who made final decision to launch while they fully aware fully of potential risks. Though the Thiokol engineers â€Å"cried for Help†, they were thwarted from pleading their case and the management went ahead supported NASA proceeding with the launch. Both Thiokol management & NASA should share the blame.

Essay on Love Song OF J.Alfred Prufrock by Thomas Stearns Eliot.

Essay on Love Song OF J.Alfred Prufrock by Thomas Stearns Eliot. "The Love Song Of J.Alfred Prufrock" is perhaps Thomas Stearns Eliot's most well-known poem; as the epitome of a modern poem. The poem is comprised of text which is the voice of a neurotic, paranoid modern man - Prufrock - who is obssessed with time, mortality, and social conduct. Eliot's meaning in 'Prufrock' is to describe aspects of the Modern world. I will explain how we get this impression of Prufrock and more through Eliot's use of linguistic techniques. Techniques such as symbolism, repetition, rhetorical questions, allusions or intertextual references, metaphors and similes, rhyme, irony and more.Before even reading the poem we're faced with the symbolic title, particularly the word 'Prufrock'. By this Eliot is implying a characteristic of this persona, that he has a sort of prude-in-a-frock effeminancy. The effeminancy is apart of Prufrock's nature so its implication is adding to Eliot's construction of the modern, neurotic individual.The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockFurth er symbolism is found in the personified cat which in the literal sense is a yellow fog. This cat goes from a high point, 'the windowpanes' to street - 'drains'. Thus it goes through a downward motion, which can be seen to represent Prufrock's mental debasement. This is evident more so as a result of the symbol of the cat; cats are usually associated with feminine qualities. Hence the cat can definately be seen as representing the paranoid, isolated modern man (Prufrock), which is Eliot's meaning.Another example of symbolism is 'I grow old...I grow old...I wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled' where the trousers being rolled is a popular youthful Bohemian fashion that Prufrock is envisioning. Hence the symbol of youth is something Prufrock is adopting to appear youthful. Prufrock also considers parting 'his hair behind' which is symbolically an attempt again to associate himself with...

Cultural Mapping Through Museums essays

Cultural Mapping Through Museums essays Art cannot be confined to a Museums. It has many levels of depth pertaining to it. The message it is expressing to all is not always recognized, but is always received. This is what I am learning. Before this class, I thought that I did not know anything about Art, that Art was like every other subject that I have taken, where there is no room for your opinion. That it is either black or white, right or wrong, but this is not true. By questioning, you begin to understand what the artist is expressing. This is exactly what the title of our book, Believing is Seeing, has been trying to express. You reflect your beliefs into the Art. It is not the other way around, seeing is believing, because you already have opinions. If you were a blank chock board then it would be seeing is believing, but you are not like this, you already have opinions about everything. You have to unlearn everything you know in order to understand Art. You learn that even if you do not think you have a n opinion about something, that actually you do, but you just do not know it. This semester we have been to the following museums in the following order: Long Beach Museum of Art (LBMA), Museum of Latin American Art (MoLAA), Watt's Towers, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), and The Getty Museum. Each Museum needed less validation as an institution compared to the previous one. Based on this, you cannot assume that the statements made by the Getty and LACMA are all positive statements. The higher one goes through a hierarchy the more one needs to question the foundation of the statement. The only thing that occurs towards the top of a hierarchy is more means to support their statement. Something which each museum has shown us is cultural mapping, and through the mapping dominant vs. marginal culture. Every day I am finding out that I am more and more against the dominant culture and I am understanding the reason why. I grew up in San Marino,...

Eastman Kodak Companys Strategy

Eastman Kodak Companys Strategy Executive Summary The purpose of this management report is to analyze the strategy used by Kodak otherwise known as Eastman Kodak Company. Kodak is the world’s leading company when it comes to imaging innovations and products. Kodak provides imaging technology as well as products and services to the image and photography industries around the world.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Eastman Kodak Companys Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the company’s products and service include retail printing kiosks, digital cameras, picture frames, online imaging services, image scanning equipment and photographic paper. The report will cover background information on the company by looking at the history of the company as well as the industry in which the company operates in. The various environments in which the company operates in will also be assessed in this report by conducting an environmental assessment or a PEST analysis of the political, economic, social and technological environment for the company. The report will also focus on Henry Mintzberg’s 5P’s for business strategies which include pattern, position, perspective, plan and ploy. Introduction Eastman Kodak Company is a US corporation that specializes in the production of photographic products and equipment. The company’s operations have been divided into four segments which include digital and film imaging, graphic communication, commercial imaging and health sector (Kodak Patents 2010). The major Kodak products include Colorburst, Kodamatic, Kodak DCS 100 and DCS DSLR, digital picture frames such as the Kodak smart picture frame, image sensors in digital cameras such as the Leica M8 and the KAF-10500 image sensor, document imaging and scanners as well as movie pictures and TV production (Kodak 2010). George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, introduced the first camera to the world in 1 888 that allowed people to capture special moments in still formats. Since then, Kodak has been the main provider of imaging, photography products and services as well as photography equipment such as cameras and picture scanners (Murat 2008). Kodak’s Strategy and Business Industry The company took aggressive steps in 2003 to re-invent itself to be a stronger and diversified company in the photo imaging industry by leveraging its operations to focus on the core businesses to ensure that its customer base had access to quality imaging and photography products/ services (Kodak.com 2004). In 2008, the company experienced a significant growth as a result of a five year restructuring program that would see its business strategy changing to improve revenue and profit margins.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result of the restructuring exercise, revenues from the digital businesses grew by double digits for four consecutive quarters between 2007 and 2008. The decline in revenue for the traditional segment of the company’s business was seen to be in line with the restructuring program which was meant to shift the operations of the business from traditional to more innovative and modern digital businesses (Kodak 2010). The restructuring exercise saw the company investing $4 billion dollars in research and development activities that would see an increase in its digital businesses. The $4 billion investment was also used in acquiring several small businesses that had been successful in the digital imaging industry to improve the company’s market share as well as improve its technological innovations and services. The restructuring exercise saw Kodak developing new business strategies that included expanding the digital segment of the company in both retail and home locations. This would see the development of photo kiosks and mini photo labs as well as the development of printer docks that would ensure the easy transfer of images from digital cameras to printers without the use of a computer (Gia 2008). The photographic equipment and supplies industry has changed in recent times to be known as the imaging industry. The current imaging industry defines companies according to whether they have innovative and novel technology instead of whether they have the best equipment or supplies in the photography industry. The major association that manages the imaging and photographic industry is known as the International Imaging Industry Association (I3A). The purpose of the I3A is to enable the use of imaging activities to simplify and enrich the lives of ordinary people through the use of visual experiences (I3A 2010). The association brings together various members who have invested in the imaging and photography industry to ensure that the appropriate imaging standards have been met. The International Imaging Industry Association is viewed as the global imaging ecosystem that is meant to make the creation and production of visual images easier and simple. Companies such as Kodak, Sony and HP have the power and authority to connect and collaborate with other leaders in the imaging industry to deal with any imaging challenges that might arise (Service Architecture 2010). Internal Environmental Analysis SWOT Analysis Like any other company, Kodak has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The table below shows a SWOT analysis of Kodak Company (Gia 2008)Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Eastman Kodak Companys Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strengths Major player in the imaging and photography industry as it is the top three provider of image and photography products and services. Wide product portfolio that covers digital products and online photo galleries. The company has a strong brand name and brand affinity. Kodak has a core competency in both traditional and digital photography and imaging business. The company has the financial capability to invest in research and development activities for new digital products. Kodak has a multinational market presence in over 100 countries around the world. This has enhanced its global distribution capability. Weaknesses Kodak lacks technological leadership as it mostly focuses on competitor innovations especially in the digital industry. The company lacks detailed and clear strategies that can be used to convince stakeholders and investors to invest in Eastman Kodak. The company has weak strategic alliances and partnerships that have not been successful in the past. For example the failed alliance between Hewlett Packard (HP) and Lexmark. Kodak has weak innovation capabilities in its other business segments apart from its digital technology segment. It has a lower financial power when compared to its competitors such as Sony and HP. The company is behind technology wise when it comes to the quality of its digital printers and mini labs as well as its online photo imaging services Opportunities There is an increasing demand for digital photography products and services. There are new emerging markets and countries for Kodak’s business operations which include China, India and Russia. Kodak has the opportunity to expand its product portfolio to meet its customer’s needs. The company has expanded its digital camera and printer market to meet the increasing demand for digital technology. It has also expanded its operations to include online sales as a result of an increased demand in photo online services. Kodak has acquired smaller businesses to gain a market share in the image and photography industry. The company has expanded its operations to cover the expensive digital market for cameras and photo imaging services. Threats The increasing development of devices that incorporate digital camera features has threatened the company’s camera production segment. The shifting tastes and preferences of consumers in today’s constantly changing market has made it difficult for the company to keep up with these trends. The availability of substitute products from companies such as Sony, Fuji Film and HP has threatened the company’s products and services. The digital photography industry has experienced a high growth rate but the profit margins are still very low. The company faces the threat of new competitors from countries such as China and the Middle East. The weak economy and the recent global recession affected the operations and business segments of the company Kodak’s Financial Performance Kodak has been identified by financial analysts to be the second largest company after Canon that produces photographic products and services in the photographic equipment and supplies industry. The company has a market capitalization of $8.1 billio n when compared to that of Canon which has been estimated to be $58.4 billion (Seed 2006).The financial performance of the company as at 2008 saw the company’s net sales decreasing by 9%. This decrease was mostly attributed to the global economic recession whose effects were being felt as early as 2007. The fourth quarter of the company’s financial year of 2008 saw its revenues decreasing by 24 percent which was lower than that of the previous year. The impact of this downturn in its revenues was severe to the company’s financial performance as it usually experienced high sales returns during the last four months of its financial year. The revenue downturn was mostly caused by the declining sales in Kodak’s Film Capture and traditional photofinishing products. This decline in sales was however offset by the company’s increasing sales volume in document imaging and consumer digital imaging products such as digital capture devices and consumer inkjet systems which experienced an increased growth in 2008. The gross profit of the company declined in 2008 due to the decline in its sales volumes as well as the unfavourable price mix in its business segments. The tables below show the net sales, profit margins and income tax benefits of the company for the year ended December 2008 (Kodak Financials 2010). Income Tax Benefit (dollars in millions) For the Year Ended December 31, Loss from continuing operations before income taxes Benefit for income taxes Effective tax rate 2008 ($874) ($147) 16.8% 2007 ($256) ($51) 19.9% For the Year Ended December 31 Change Vs. 2007 2008 Amount ($) Change vs.2007 Volume Price/mix Foreign Exchange Manufacturing and other costs Total net sales 3,088 4.9% 8.6% 14.6% 1.1% n/a Gross profit margin 19.2% -6.3 pp n/a -13.4pp 0.7pp 6.4pp (Source: Kodak Financial 2010) GAP Analysis: Kodak’s Resources and Capabilities The company’s has a variety of resources and capabilities t hat have given its products and services a competitive advantage over its competitors. The table and graph below show the various resources and capabilities of Kodak. Kodak’s Resources Kodak’s Capabilities Code Importance Strength Code Importance Strength Technology R1 8 8 Environmental management C1 8 4 Brand Name R2 9 8 Government Relations C2 4 6 Distribution R3 10 10 Imaging Capabilities C3 8 10 Financial resources R4 7 10 Sales and Marketing C4 8 9 Image sensing R5 10 8 Research and Development C5 10 10 KODAK’S GAP ANALYSIS Technological development C6 7 9 Colour management C7 8 8 Market share C8 10 9 New product development C9 7 4 Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More FAR Analysis When analysing the functional areas of Kodak, two main areas of interest are usually considered; product development and sales and marketing. In Kodak’s product development, the design team is usually focused on creating products that are innovative and more superior to those of the competitors in the imaging market. Digital cameras which are a major innovation for the company have seen a lot of development where designers and developers of the product focus on creating cameras that are easy to use and compatible with other products such as computers and printers (Seed 2006). Kodak has continued to add value to its products by continually investing in research and development activities that will see its innovations being superior and unique to those of its competitors. Kodak’s EasyShare camera line demonstrated the ability of the company to produce a camera that was simple and easy to use as well as of a high quality when compared to the other digital cam eras in the market. The EasyShare digital camera ensured that the company was able to achieve brand recognition and brand affinity within the imaging and photography industry. It enabled Kodak to move away from the traditional line of photography and equipment to a more modern and unique product line (Seed 2006). Under the development segment of the company is production which deals with the actual development of the product designs and innovations. Kodak pursues a high cost strategy when it comes to its product innovations which are meant to ensure that the best materials and designs have been used in the development of high quality digital cameras. The second area of the company deals with sales and marketing where the company employs the use of various marketing tools and strategies to market its products. The photo finishing kiosks are a major marketing tool for the company as they cater for photo editing of customers digital images and they also offer complementary products suc h as free memory cards for storing the digital images as well as free photo printing paper. The online photo sharing sites such as Ofoto are valuable marketing tools for the company as they allow customers to create and share their pictures with other users which increase the appeal for Kodak digital products (Seed 2006). Another segment that works in conjunction with sales and marketing is distribution. As with any other company distribution plays an important role when it comes to making the products of a company available in the market. Kodak places a lot of emphasis of on-time deliveries, inventory management and good supplier relations. The company however pursues a low-cost efficiency strategy in its distribution activities as it has placed a lot of emphasis on product research and development. The company utilises the strategy of placing value of the quality of the product rather than on its availability during its distribution activities (Seed 2006).The diagram below represe nts a FAR analysis of Kodak based on the two areas of focus which are development, sales and marketing Mintzberg’s 5Ps for  Strategy The varied definitions of strategy have made it difficult to pinpoint a specific definition that can be used to explain the concept of strategy. Because of this, Henry Mintzberg came up with the 5Ps that could be used in explicitly defining the term strategy. These 5Ps include plan, ploy, pattern, perspective and position (Frankenberger 2006: McCabe 2010: Davies and Ellison 1999). Plan defines strategy as an intended course of action or guideline that is developed by an organization or company to deal with a given situation (Gane 2007). Plan describes strategies to be actions that are formulated purposefully and consciously in advance to deal with situations that are meant to happen or about to happen (Institute for Manufacturing 2010: Morden 2004). Strategies that are defined by plans are intentionally organized to take place as they ensure that the progress of projects and activities has been predetermined and the expected outcomes have been projected (Tiwari 2009). Strategies that include the use of plans involve developing schedules that can be used in product developments and launches, company acquisitions and mergers, investment activities and financial ventures, human resource training programs and downsizing in companies (Campbell et al 2002). Kodak has developed a planned strategy known as the content strategy that is used in its overall marketing strategy. The content strategy is focused on two aspects one of which is creating content that showcases the products and services that the company uses in its business operations. The tips and projects centre has been identified as the perfect example of the content strategy as it involves the use of inspirational photo essays, imaging projects and photography tips in developing the company’s content for its new product innovations and services (Hoehn 2009). T he second aspect that is considered under the two pronged content strategy is the aspect of distribution which focuses on distributing the created content through the various channels of the company. The company has developed the Kodak distribution channel information portal to distribute the created content (Yunhao 2005). The distribution channels used by Kodak include blogs, social networking sites, company websites and partnership sites The Company also has a distributed publishing model that involves various bloggers and the company’s employees posting their comments about the company’s new products and innovations in the publishing model. Mintzberg and Ghoshal (2003) describe a ploy as a manoeuvre that is used to outwit a competitor, a rival or an opponent in a certain activity or industry. Ploy as a strategy is used as a short term goal for companies because a ploy usually tends to have limited objectives and goals. Ploys are also subject to change within short n otice given their short term nature and also given the varying reasons for using the ploy in the first place (Kew and Stredwick 2005). Ploy’s usually operate within the context of competition and competitive rivals within a specific industry where a company tries to eliminate its competition through the use of ploys such as a reduction in commodity prices and introduction of new products into the market (Chappelet and Bayle 2005: Gronfeldt and Strother 2006). Kodak has used various ploys within the imaging and photography industry to try and gain a competitive edge over its rivals in the same industry as well as increase its market share. Such ploys include the activation of numerous fronts during major sporting competitions such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup, the use of blogs and social networking sites to market its activities, the promotion of the Kodak brand during the season finale of the Celebrity Apprentice show and the showcasing of the company’s prese nce in golf through the incorporation of the Kodak Challenge which is a fantasy game (Hoehn 2009). Mintzberg et al (2005) describe pattern as behaviour of strategy that describes the level of progress that has been made after a particular course of action or form of behaviour has been adopted by an individual or a particular company. Strategies that are patterns have been viewed to just occur as a result of consistent and inconsistent behaviour (Bilton and Cummings 2010). Pattern defines strategy as a stream of planned actions and behaviour that is consistent and intended. Strategy as a pattern is different from that of strategy as a plan because patterns are viewed to be strategies that have been achieved or realised while plans are strategies that have been identified and intended for action (Evans et al 2003: Wagner 2006). Patterned strategies are therefore those actions that have been developed without any intention or deliberation (Bilton 2007: Ehrnreich 2004: Tate 2009). Patte rn strategies are mostly common in small businesses such as scrap dealerships and scrap metal collection agencies. Such businesses operate on the premise of buying as much scrap metal and materials as they can meaning that they do not need any type of strategy or plan to purchase scrap metal (Simons 2005). These businesses however cannot buy old and used plastics because these purchases will be outside their pattern of business behaviour. Such patterns are therefore deemed to be unconscious strategies because businesses do not realise that they are following any consistent pattern (Smith et al 1999). The definition of strategy as a position is described as locating an organization in a particular environment. Strategy through the use of position describes the mediating forces that are used to match the functions of the organization within the industry or environment that it operates in (Marx 2004: Dinsmore and Brewin 2010). Mintzberg views a position strategy to be appropriate when the most important aspect to an organization is how it relates to its competitors, investors, stakeholders and employees. An organization that incorporates the use of position strategy usually seeks to defend a particular position within a certain market segment and industry (Capon 2008: Morris and Pinto 2007). Kodak has developed its position in the photography and imaging industry by being the first company to develop photographic equipment that incorporates the use of sensory technology (Northeast 2007). It has also established its position in the imaging industry by focusing its products and services on specific industries and companies. Kodak has developed products for educational institutions such as Kodak scanners and integrated imaging equipment that are used during course training and practical applications. The company has also developed services for financial institutions that incorporate the use of digitized microfilms used to create, store and protect financial data tha t is irreplaceable in nature. Kodak has also developed products for health institutions and public hospitals that are mostly used in maintaining patient medical records and also for taking body X-rays (Kodak Graphics 2010). The definition of perspective strategy is that it is a chosen position and a perceived notion that the company has of the general world. Mintzberg (2007) describes perspective as a view that an organization has of its internal and external environment. Perspective strategy is important as it enables a company to formulate objectives and goals that can be used to achieve business operations through the optimal use of company resources (Magalhes 2004: Carsrud et al 2007). Perspective determines the patterns of behavior of the company as it outlines the intentions of the employees and the company as a whole. Perspective strategy involves the incorporation of employee’s ideas and intentions into strategic plans to achieve business goals and objectives (Lechner 2005: Clausen 2003: Buytendijk 2010). Kodak practices strategies that are perspective in nature. It has developed distribution channels for its products and services that incorporate the ideas of its workers and employees. These channels include the social networking sites as well as company blogs where employees are able to post their comments about particular products and services that the company wishes to introduce to the imaging market. These opinions and comments are usually published by the company in its distributed publishing channel after which these channels are used in the creation of content analysis for the company’s products (Phillips 2004). PEST Analysis PEST analysis which is also known as environmental analysis is the assessment that a company performs on its external environment. A PEST analysis involves looking at the political, economic, social and technological environment in which a business operates in (Qin 2009: Tovstiga 2010). Despite the fact that many organizations view environmental analysis as an important activity, such an analysis ends up making a minimal contribution to the overall operations of the business. This is mostly based on the fact that many organizations view the environments in which they operate in to be volatile and uncertain. This limits their ability to control the impact of the environment on the company’s operations (Bensoussan and Fleisher 2008). These environments also have indirect effects on the operations of a company which leads to minimal outcomes of environmental analysis (Smith and Raspin 2008). Despite all of these aspects conducting a PEST analysis is an important activity for many companies as it ensures that the company has knowledge of its external environment (Gregory 2000). A PEST analysis usually allows a company to conduct a SWOT analysis more easily because it assesses the external environment of a business. It is therefore important for a business to conduct a PEST analysis b efore it performs a SWOT analysis (Applegate and Johnsen 2007: Grant 2005). Political Environment As the imaging industry continues to undergo new technological innovations and services, the company has been faced with the problem of patent infringement and patent law suits. This has been because the various imaging technology and equipment developed in the industry is similar for all companies which makes it difficult to establish the company that had the original patent (Mendes 2010). Patent infringements are common in the imaging industry because of the similarity of products and services that are produced by each company. As a result of this Kodak was involved in a patent infringement with Sony because of the similarity of cameras and photographic equipment that were produced by both companies (Digital Photography 2004: Gustavson 2009). Kodak launched a patent law suit against Sony for breaching 10 of its patent rights when it came to its digital cameras. The company alleged tha t Sony used technology invented by Eastman Kodak in developing its digital cameras that incorporated the use of image compression and digital storage hardware (BBC 2004). Privacy is another political environment that has impacted on Kodak’s business operations. This has mostly been attributed to the fact that digital technology in the US has become smaller and more compatible with equipment that is used on a regular basis. Digital imaging equipment has been incorporated into equipment and technology that is commonly used by ordinary US citizens. Such equipment includes mobile phones that now have camera features as well as photo editing and image viewer technology. These devices are easily available in the technology market and they have been used for activities that invade the privacy of other people (Seed 2006). Economic Environment The economic environment of Kodak has shown that the company’s products are used by both individual and industrial consumers. Individual consumers have recorded a high purchase of pocket digital cameras developed by the company for their own personal use while the health sector has been identified as a major buyer of Kodak’s imaging and scanning equipment. As much as many people own pocket cameras and photographic equipment, the high inflation and interest rates as well as the recent global recession have made most high end Kodak products to be considered a luxury item for most customers (Khosrowpour 2007). The increasing inflation rates which were as a result of the 2009 economic meltdown saw a decrease in the disposable income which forced many people in the United States and the rest of the world cutting down on their spending. This meant that people only spent on what they could afford and what they considered to be important. This saw a curb in luxury spending which in turn affected digital camera sales in Kodak (OECD 2009). Such high inflation and interest rates will also affect the spending of industri al consumers such as health institutions and government offices that are the main consumers of the company’s imaging and scanning technology (Barnwell 2006). Since companies make their capital expenditures on borrowed funds, they might have to postpone their borrowing because of the high inflation rates. This will mean that they will not have enough money to purchase any of the company’s products (Gwartney et al 2009). The company will also be faced with other economic factors such as decreasing growth in film sales. As the world embraces digital technology, film photography is projected to be obsolete in the next ten years as more people switch towards digital photography and technology. The company’s current strategy has been to invest the revenues it earns from film sales to be used in the development of digital products (Reliable Plant 2010). This strategy will however be difficult to achieve given the current slow film sales that are being experienced in th e digital market. These sales have also been affected by its competitors who have developed far more superior products than the company (Barney and Hestelry 2006). Technological environment The imaging and photography industry is one that experiences fast technological innovations and developments meaning that the company’s technological environment is one that is subject to a lot of changes (Kurtz et al 2010). Such a high degree of technological innovations has mostly been driven by a need to have imaging devices that incorporate the all-in-one features (Worthington and Britton 2006). Consumers in this environment have shown that they prefer equipment that incorporates all features into one device. Consumers now prefer to have mobile phones that have camera and photo imaging features incorporated into them (Schweibenz and Cabral 2010). Many mobile phone makers around the world are developing products that have more advanced camera works into their mobile phones. For example Nokia’s smart phones have digital camera features that allow the users to take digital images as well as create, edit and view these images (Turner 2010). Such technological innovations have therefore had an impact on Kodak’s operations given the high demand for all-in-one devices that mostly incorporate digital camera features (Fullen and Podmoroff 2006). The growth of integration and portability in the imaging market has increased the need to constantly replace technology with newer innovations. Kodak has been faced with the technological challenge of constantly updating its products to ensure that they remain relevant within the imaging industry. While a 1.3 Mp camera might have experienced high sales five years ago, the same cannot be said for the camera now as higher mega pixel cameras are being introduced into the market (Kodak Store 2010). Kodak’s processing kiosks have also experienced slow growth and film sales as a result of the digital printing of ima ges where consumers load their images onto memory cards or mass storage devices for printing. The availability of color and image printers has made it easier for people to print their images at their convenience at cost. This has led to a marked decrease in the number of people that visit the company’s image processing kiosks to have their pictures printed. The technological environment has therefore affected the growth of the company given the high rate of technological innovations in the market that make it easy to create, store and produce a digital image (Kodak Kiosk 2010) Social Environment The social environment has impacted on the business operations of Kodak through the proliferation and increasing use of social networking sites. The world has experienced an increasing growth of Internet communities and networking sites where millions of people join to discuss and share their opinions about certain issues that might be affecting them (Quick MBA 2010). These sites have affected the operations of Kodak because they incorporate features that allow users to edit and upload their photos to these sites. These sites also have photo sharing capabilities that allow users to share their images with other users. Such features limit the need for Kodak photo sharing and photo editing products (Zastrow and Ashman 2010: Thomases 2010). The social environment has also affected the operations of the company because of the cultural diversity and beliefs that various countries hold around the world (Zastrow and Ashman 2010). While many countries have embraced technology such as digital cameras, others view these devices to be an invasion of their privacy especially in countries that limit the photographing of national symbols and statues. This impedes the sale of the company’s products to these countries because of their view of imaging technology as an invasion of personal privacy (Osborne and Brown 2005: Anderson et al 1999). Recommendation In order for K odak to become the world leader in the production of digital imagery products and services the company should intensify its strategic alliances with other companies within the industry to ensure that it increases its market share. The company could also share its brand name and logo with other companies such as Sony, Canon or Fuji film especially in its low performing product lines such as the digital scanners. The company should also consider expanding its operations in countries such as China and India as well as other eastern countries that have continued to experience rapid growth and developments especially in their technological industries. Kodak should also consider acquiring technology firms that have demonstrated an increased rate in the production of technological innovations to ensure that it has up to date digital products. Conclusion The 5P’s for strategy have shown that the company has incorporated the use of various strategies to achieve its business goals and objectives. The PEST analysis has however shown that the company faces a tough external environment that might affect its business strategies and objectives. The company therefore needs to reassess its business strategies and goals to deal with the external environmental factors that might affect its business operations to ensure that it remains relevant in the current competitive environment as well as survive the external pressures. References Applegate, E., and Johnsen, A., (2007) Cases in advertising and marketing  management. Maryland, US: Rowman and Littlefield Anderson, R.E., Carter, I.E., and Lowe, G., (1999) Human behaviour in the social  environment: a social systems approach. New York: Transaction Books BBC (2004) Kodak sues Sony in patent row. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3547689.stm Barney, J. 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Oxford, UK: Elsevier Fullen, S.L., and Podmoroff, D., (2006) How to write a great business plan for your  small business in 60 minutes or less. Florida: Atlantic Publishing Group Inc Frankenberger, S., (2006) Management of regulatory influences on corporate stra tegy  and structure. Germany: Deutscher Universitats-Verlag Gane, M., (2007) Forest strategy: strategic management and sustainable development. New York: Springer Grant, R.M., (2005) Contemporary strategy analysis. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Gregory, A., (2000) Planning and managing public relations campaigns. London: Kogan Page Limited Gia, K.P., (2008) Case study: Kodak at a crossroads: the transition from film-based to  digital photography. Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Verlag Gronfeldt, S., and Strother, J.B., (2006) Service leadership: the quest for competitive  advantage. California: Sage Publications Gustavson, T., (2009) Camera; a history of photography from Daguerreotype to digital. US: Sterling Innovation Gwartney, J.D., Stroup, R.L., Sobel, R.S., and MacPherson, D., (2009) Economics:  private and public choice. Ohio, US: South-Western Cengage Learning Hoehn, T., (2009) Kodak: why content strategy is the key to marketing. Available at: http://blog.junta42.com/co ntent_marketing_blog/2009/05/odak-why-content-strategy-is-the-key-to-marketing.html Institute for Manufacturing (2010) Mintzberg’s 5 Ps for strategy. Available at: ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/dstools/paradigm/5pstrat.html International Imaging Industry Association (I3A) (2010) About I3A. Available at: i3a.org/about-i3a/synopsis Kew, J., and Stredwick (2005) Business environment: managing in a strategic context. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development Kodak (2010) History of Kodak. Available at: kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/historyIntro.jhtml?pq-path=2217/2687 Kodak.Com (2004) Eastman Kodak company 2003 annual report and 2004 proxy  statement. Available at: kodak.com/US/en/corp/annualReport03/letter/letter1.shtml Kodak Graphics (2010) Industry solutions. Available at: http://graphics.kodak.com/docimaging/us/en/industry_solutions/index.htm Kodak Financial (2010) Eastman Kodak Company 2008 annual report. Washington, D.C.: Securities and Exchange Commiss ion Kodak Kiosk (2010) Kodak Picture kiosk. Available at: kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=7959pq-locale=en_US_requestid=39900 Kodak Patents (2010) Camera printers. Available at: http://kodakpatents.org/ Kodak Store (2010) Easyshare digital cameras. Available at: http://store.kodak.com/store/ekconsus/en_US/list/Digital_Cameras/categoryID.28887600 Khosrowpour, M., (2008) Utilizing and managing commerce and services online. London : Idea Group Inc. Kurtz, D.L., MacKenzie, H.F., and Snow, K., (2010) Contemporary marketing. Canada: Cengage Brain Lechner, C., (2005) A primer to strategy process research. Germany: Cuvillier Verlag Magalhaes, R., (2004) Organizational knowledge and technology: an action-oriented  perspective on organization and information systems. Massachusetts, US: Edward Elgar Publishing Marx, K., (2004) The role of the social context for strategy-making. Germany: Springer Science McCabe, S., (2010) Corporate strategy in construction: understanding todayâ €™s theory  and practice. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Mendes, G., (2010) What went wrong at Eastman Kodak?: strategic analysis. Available at: https://www.google.com/url?q=http://strategytank.awardspace.com/articles/What%2520went%2520wrong%2520at%2520Eastman%2520Kodak.pdfsa=Uei=pb37TNafM4i28QOvtpWEDAved=0CBoQFjACusg=AFQjCNGT5L68WeTz8SE36uTKcAfU0cbWJg Mintzberg, H., (2007) Tracking strategies: toward a general theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B.W., and Lampel, J., (2005) Strategy bites back. New York: Prentice Hall Financial Times Mintzberg, H., and Ghoshal, S., (2003) The strategy process: concepts, contexts,  cases. New Jersey: Pearson Education Morden, T., (2004) Principles of management. England, UK: Ashgate Publishing Morris, P., and Pinto, J.K., (2007) The Wiley guide to project, program and portfolio  management. New Jersey, US: John Wiley and Sons Limited Murat, J.K., (2008) The history of Kodak, how it all started and evolv ed. Available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Kodak,-How-it-All-Started-and-Evolvedid=974223 Northeast, P., (2007) Kodak’s new digital photo sensor. Available at: suite101.com/content/kodaks-new-digital-photo-sensor-a31444 OECD (2009) The financial crisis: reform and exit strategies. United States : OECD Publishing Osborne, S.P., and Brown, K., (2005) Managing change and innovation in public service  organizations. New York: Routledge Phillips, C., Doole, I., and Lowe, R., (2004) International marketing strategy: analysis,  development and implementation. London, UK: Routledge Reliable Plant (2010) Kodak sharpens focus, plans leaner cost structure. Available at: reliableplant.com/Read/15757/odak-sharpens-focus,-plans-leaner-cost-structure Schweibenz, E., and Cabral, R., (2010) Kodak files New 337 complaint regarding  certain mobile telephones featuring digital cameras. Available at: itcblog.com/20100115/odak-files-new-337-complaint-regarding-certain-mobi le-telephones-and-wireless-communication-devices-featuring-digital-cameras/ Seed, S., (2006) Case analysis: Eastman Kodak Company. United States: Pacific Lutheran University Service Architecture (2010) International imaging industry association (I3A). Available at: service-architecture.com/xml/articles/i3a.html Simons, R., (2005) Levers of organization design: how managers use accountability  systems. United States: Harvard Business press Smith, P., Berry, C., and Pulford, A., (1999) Strategic marketing communications: new  ways to build and integrate communications. London: Kogan Page Limited Smith, B., and Raspin, P.G., (2008) Creating market insight: how firms create value  from market understanding. England: John Wiley and Sons Limited. Tate, W., (2009) The search for leadership: an organizational perspective. United Kingdom: Triarchy Press Thomases, H., (2010) Twitter marketing: an hour a day. Indianapolis, US: Wiley Publishing Tovstiga, G., (2010) Strategy in practice: a practitioner’s guide to strategic thinking. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Tiwari, R., (2009) Tourism management: managing for change. New Delhi, India: Global India Publications Limited Turner, S., (2010) The little black book of management: essential tools for getting  results now. United States: McGraw Hill Companies Qin, Z., (2009) Introduction to E-commerce. 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Corporate social responsibility - Essay Example uch definition of the corporate social responsibility could be tied up to the utilitarian Theory, which generally points to the greatest happiness principles as the foundation of morals. It states that actions should be in right proportions as they tend to promote happiness. In reality this postulation is wrong, as actions conceived to be in right proportion tend to support the opposite of happiness. Philosophers Jeremy Benthan and John Stuart Mill argues that the resolution of ethical dilemmas require a balancing effort, where harm is minimized as a result of decisions to maximize the benefits. Mill is known for his greatest happiness principle, which provides that ethical dilemmas are resolved by brining greatest good to the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism is a calculating approach to ethics since it assumes that the quantity and quality of happiness can be weighed. It is often presupposed that happiness is the same as maximizing profit or return on capital investment. Improved profitability will generate happiness for the same. But to the utilitarian principle property, one must consider the possibility that the pleasure derived from increased profitability has bee achieved at the cost of a greater pain to other people. Some of the issues to which utilitarianism has been applied include providing health care even as costs escalate; protecting the environment even as electricity is generated; driving cars, operating factories and outsourcing manufacturing of clothing to developing countries. Utilitarianism is a theory of balancing that requires looking at the impact of proposed solutions to ethical dilemmas from the perceptions of all those who are affected. This theory accepts the cost-benefit analysis as a natural tool, as it measures not only the direct costs and benefits to an organization but also externalities. Corporate social responsibility is also defined as the â€Å"continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and to

Cultural differences dictated by differences in foods consumed affect Research Paper

Cultural differences dictated by differences in foods consumed affect the diabetes prevalence rates - Research Paper Example Exposure to these foods over a long period of time exposes them to different types of diabetes. Other cultures have gone a step further and modified their foods to meet different tastes and references. The modified foods may also contain high levels of sugar. A high level of sugar in food translates to diabetes when a person becomes overweight or develops high blood sugar. It is important to note that eating foods containing high levels of sugar does not necessarily mean that a person is exposed to diabetes. Some cultures also consume food which is high in calories which eventually leads to weight gain. Lack of exercise to burn out the excess calories contributes to diabetes. Diabetes related problems also bring about visual complications. If untreated, visual complications cause blindness. This situation is also influenced by the different types of foods consumed (AHRQ 1). Some cultural diets are known to contain too much syrup, other contain too much carbohydrates and many other types of foods that contain sugar. Different cultures also have different eating patterns and lifestyle that exposes them to diabetes. When treating patient with diabetes, doctors always consider the traditional diet of the patient. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Diabetes Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities. U.S Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2001. Retrieved from

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Compare and contrast the views of Meyer and Bok on the issues of medical professional lying to patients. State and explain the similarities and differences in their views - Essay Example the disclosure of bad news to patients is a very difficult process; hence, it is beneficial for medical practitioners to adopt a neutral mentality between always telling the truth and never telling the truth when disclosing information to the patient. Bok however, is firm on the viewpoint that it is necessary for doctors to sometimes lie to the patient when certain conditions are met. He however does not agree with Meyer’s statement that truthfulness is impossible. She perceives it as failure to differentiate between the truth from truthfulness. Though she disagrees with this statement, in my opinion some similarities with Meyer’s viewpoint exist. Meyer believes that the truth cannot always be clearly defined hence; it cannot always be presented to the patient (Meyer, n.d). In this case Meyer provides the example of conditions that are terminal at time of disclosure, however, may have a cure in the near future. It coincides with Bok’s example of telling the patient he has at least four months to live, instead of telling him that he will die in four months. The fact that he will live for four months is verified, however, the fact that he will die isn’t. Meyer believes that patients may ask for the truth meanwhile they do not actually want the truth and simply want to gain confidence from the good news. However, Bok believes it is an empirical fact that patients want to hear the truth about their condition and doctors have no right or justification to withhold information on the assumption that patients actually prefer it (Bok, n.d). Bok agrees with Meyers’s view that the truth may sometimes harm the patient. Meyer refers to this as ‘therapeutic privileged’. However, Bok believes that this claim by Meyer is exaggerated and benefits from telling the truth exist and are not given sufficient attention. Bok believes that telling the patient the truth allows him or her to decide what steps to take forward in his or her treatment process. She allows

The Native Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Compare and contrast the views of Meyer and Bok on the issues of Essay

Compare and contrast the views of Meyer and Bok on the issues of medical professional lying to patients. State and explain the similarities and differences in their views - Essay Example the disclosure of bad news to patients is a very difficult process; hence, it is beneficial for medical practitioners to adopt a neutral mentality between always telling the truth and never telling the truth when disclosing information to the patient. Bok however, is firm on the viewpoint that it is necessary for doctors to sometimes lie to the patient when certain conditions are met. He however does not agree with Meyer’s statement that truthfulness is impossible. She perceives it as failure to differentiate between the truth from truthfulness. Though she disagrees with this statement, in my opinion some similarities with Meyer’s viewpoint exist. Meyer believes that the truth cannot always be clearly defined hence; it cannot always be presented to the patient (Meyer, n.d). In this case Meyer provides the example of conditions that are terminal at time of disclosure, however, may have a cure in the near future. It coincides with Bok’s example of telling the patient he has at least four months to live, instead of telling him that he will die in four months. The fact that he will live for four months is verified, however, the fact that he will die isn’t. Meyer believes that patients may ask for the truth meanwhile they do not actually want the truth and simply want to gain confidence from the good news. However, Bok believes it is an empirical fact that patients want to hear the truth about their condition and doctors have no right or justification to withhold information on the assumption that patients actually prefer it (Bok, n.d). Bok agrees with Meyers’s view that the truth may sometimes harm the patient. Meyer refers to this as ‘therapeutic privileged’. However, Bok believes that this claim by Meyer is exaggerated and benefits from telling the truth exist and are not given sufficient attention. Bok believes that telling the patient the truth allows him or her to decide what steps to take forward in his or her treatment process. She allows

Be a successful Adult learner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Be a successful Adult learner - Essay Example I chose to take a writing course not because I’m interested purely in the subject (on the contrary - I am not really found of writing essays), but mostly because I am eager to deepen my knowledge. I believe effective writing is extremely important for a person of my profession for several reasons. First of all, effective writing is always an attribute of an educated person who is a professional in one’s field. Secondly, knowledge and skills in the subject are to help any future nurse to avoid spelling or other mistakes that might be vitally important for a patient. In addition, I believe the course in writing will not only help me to improve the writing skills, but will also enrich my knowledge about the better ways and methods of studying and gaining new knowledge, as well as expressing own thoughts and ideas. Since I am eager to obtain a nationally recognized professional qualification, the writing skills, I believe are an integral part of it. Besides that, good and experienced teaching staff as well as well-developed academic programs will broaden my mind and help me to acquire all the necessary skills to succeed in my future